RESUMO - O bicho-mineiro do café Leucoptera coffeella
(Guérin-Méneville)
(Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) é considerado atualmente a principal
praga desta cultura no Brasil. O controle por meio de inseticidas tem sido
o mais utilizado, causando problemas para o homem e o meio ambiente. Para
amenizar estes problemas, têm-se desenvolvido novas técnicas
de manejo de pragas. A técnica denominada confusão sexual
de machos objetiva interferir na comunicação entre os parceiros
sexuais. A viabilidade desta técnica foi avaliada em uma lavoura
de café onde foram instaladas três unidades experimentais
de 20 ha, sendo uma área tratada com feromônio sexual sintético,
outra com aplicações de inseticidas e por fim uma área
controle. Como agente de confusão sexual de machos foi utilizada
a mistura racêmica de 5,9-dimetilpentadecano, na concentração
de 1 g do feromônio por liberador. Para liberação do
feromônio no campo foram utilizados 20 liberadores por hectare. A
eficiência desta técnica foi avaliada por meio da comparação
de machos capturados em armadilhas tipo delta (20 armadilhas por unidade
experimental) contendo 0,5 mg de 5,9-dimetilpentadecano, em septos de borracha,
entre as unidades experimentais. O número de folhas minadas também
foi avaliado. A análise dos resultados permite concluir que a presença
do feromônio não diminuiu o número de machos capturados,
bem como não reduziu o número de folhas minadas. Diversos
fatores podem ter contribuído para o insucesso na interrupção
do acasalamento dessa espécie, como diferenças na composição
química, dosagem ou na formulação empregada do feromônio
dos liberadores, o momento de aplicação na lavoura, densidade
populacional da praga no início do experimento e fatores climáticos.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE - feromônio sexual, manejo integrado de
pragas, comunicação química
ABSTRACT - The coffee leaf miner, Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville)
(Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), is the main pest of coffee plantations in Brazil.
Indiscriminate chemical control has been used frequently to control the
attack of L. coffeella, causing serious problems to the environment. To
avoid such problems, new techniques have been developed to control the
attack of this pest. A technique to control lepidopteran pests, called
mating disruption, aims to obstruct the communication among sexual partners.
The potential of pheromone-mediated mating disruption for control of leaf
miner population was evaluated in a coffee plantation in Patrocínio-MG,
Brazil. Three experimental areas were installed: 20 ha plot treated with
synthetic sex pheromone; another 20 ha plot with insecticide applications
and 20 ha plot maintained as control. The pheromone plot was treated with
400 pheromone dispensers with 1g of 5,9-dimethylpentadecane per dispenser.
The efficacy of mating disruption was evaluated by the comparison of number
of males caught in delta traps (20 traps per plot) baited with 0.5 mg of
5,9 - dimethylpentadecane. The number of mined leaves was also recorded
in each plot. The presence of pheromone did not reduce the number of males
caught nor decreased the number of mined leaves in the plot. The failure
of the mating disruption technique may be attributed to a combination of
several factors, such as composition and dose of the pheromone and its
formulation, the moment of application in the crop, the population density
at the begin of the experiment and climatic factors.
KEYWORDS - sex pheromone, integrated pest management, chemical
communication
The coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville)
(Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) is the main pest of coffee in Brazil, due to
continuous presence in the crop and the economic damage to the culture
(Reis & Souza 1996). Their larvae foraging
inside the leaf, forming galleries (mines) that lead leaves to fall prematurely,
reducing the photosynthetic capacity of the plant and causing severe damage
to coffee crops, with losses that may reach 50% of the total production
(Reis & Souza 1996).
Chemical control is the most used method to prevent the attack of this
pest. Therefore, the applications of insecticides are increasing, leading
to environmental pollution, higher production costs, reducing natural enemies
and causing insecticide resistance (Guedes
& Oliveira 2002, Fragoso et al.2002,
2003).
To avoid such problems, new techniques are being developed currently to
control the attack of this pest.
The main sexual pheromone of L. coffeella was identified as 5,9-dimethylpentadecane,
(Francke et al. 1988) and its efficiency
was confirmed through the mass capture of males using delta traps baited
with 0.5 mg of this pheromone in a coffee crop (Lima
2001). This formulation (0.5 mg of the main compound) was established
as the best combination to capture males during a period of 30 days (Lima
2001). Sex pheromones have been used to control several lepidopteran
pests on different crops through mating disruption technique (Cardé
& Minks 1995a). This is obtained with the release of high doses
of synthetic pheromone, saturating the atmosphere, thereby decreasing the
ability of mates to locate each other, reducing the mating, decreasing
egg deposition and consequently dropping the new generation. (Agosta
1990, Cardé & Minks 1995b).
Some successful examples are the control of Pectinophora gossypiella
(Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae), one important pest in cotton (Cardé
& Minks 1995a); this technique is also an important component of
pest management in Australia, to control Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae) (Il'ichev et al. 2004),
the major pest in commercial crops of peaches and nectarines. Also, there
are some cases where the mating disruption has been failure. For example,
Lobesia
botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Sardinian vineyards (Nannini
& Delrio 1993) and Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae),
in Brazilian tomato crop (Michereff
Filho et al. 2000). In this paper, we report the results of
initial field studies to evaluate the effectiveness of mating disruption
technique to control coffee leaf miner in a commercial coffee plantation
in Brazil.
Material and Methods
Location and characteristics of experimental areas. This study was carried
out between September and November 2003, at the farm of Daterra Atividades
Rurais Ltda, in Patrocínio, Minas Gerais State, Brazil (18º17'
S, 46º59' N) and altitude of 870 m. The region presents annual
average temperature of 21ºC, 45% of relative humidity in the dry season
(May to September) and 70% RH in wet season (October to April); annual
average precipitation of 1,500 mm concentrated mainly from November to
March.
The period when the experiment was done was characterized by monthly
average temperature of 24ºC and mean rainfall between 42 mm in September,
mean rainfall of 216 mm and average temperature of 24ºC in November.
The coffee variety used in the experimental area was Mundo Novo spacing
of 4.0 × 1.20 m, with 29 years old, with approximately 4,170 plants/ha.
Experimental Design. The experiment was done in three plots of 20 ha, with
a minimum distance of 300 m from each other. The treatments were: (i) 20 ha
treated with pheromone; (ii) 20 ha with insecticide applications
and (iii) 20 ha maintained as control. The plot treated with insecticide
was sprayed with cartap (800 g a.i./ha) on August 10 and September 23,
using a tractor-mounted sprayer. This insecticide has a residual time of
approximately 40 days.
These three plots were monitored a week before the application of synthetic
pheromone for mating disruption, to verify the pest population density
and the quantity of mined leaves.
Pheromone application. The application of synthetic sex pheromone started
in September 2003. The pheromone was released using 400 dispensers with
1g of sex pheromone (racemic mixture of 5,9-dimethylpentadecane, synthesized
by ChemTica Co., Costa Rica) per dispenser. The dispensers were applied
according to recommendations at 20 dispensers/ha, which were placed in
the lower third of the coffee plants being one dispenser for 100 plants,
at a minimum distance of 12 m far from each other.
Evaluation of the mating disruption efficacy.
(a) Field trapping - The efficacy
of the mating disruption was verified by comparing male captures in pheromone-baited
traps (delta) placed in the three plots at a rate of 20 traps per plot.
These traps were placed in the plots seven days prior to pheromone application
to check the initial number of males in each area. Each trap was baited
with a lure loaded with 0.5 mg of 5,9-dimethylpentadecane and was placed
at 5 cm from the soil between the rows of plants. After pheromone release
the number of males caught by the traps was checked once per week during
7 weeks in the 3 plots. The pheromone lures were replaced every 3 weeks
according to Lima (2001) and the sticky bottoms
were replaced when it was needed.
(b) Evaluation of mined leaves. Another way to measure the efficacy of mating
disruption was by verifying the number of mined leaves in the plots. In
each plot, 144 coffee plants were randomly sampled to check the damage
caused by L. coffeella. The sampling was made from the edge to the middle
of the plot. Mined leaves were collected during one minute from these chosen
plants and, after sampling, these leaves were counted and the mean number
of mined leaves/plot was assessed. This sampling was done once per week,
simultaneously with the number of males caught in traps evaluation. At
each week 144 different plants were chosen for sampling, totalizing 1,008
sampled plants per plot.
Statistical analysis. All analyses were performed using ANOVA with generalized
linear models with R statistical package (R
Development Core Team 2005), using analysis of residues to check for
the suitability of error distribution and for model adjustment (Crawley
2002). To avoid pseudoreplication in nested designs, mixed effect models
were used in data transformed to either Poisson or binomial errors (Crawley
2002).
Results
There was no significant difference among treatments in relation to
the mean number of males caught in the traps on the week before the placement
of pheromone dispensers (F = 0.0835; d.f. = 2, 57; P = 0.92), indicating
that the quantity of males inside the 3 plots was the same prior pheromone
releasing.
The number of mined leaves on the week before the placement of dispensers
was significantly different among treatments (F = 156.21; d.f. = 2, 24;
P < 0.0001). In this previous sampling, the number of mined leaves in
the plot submitted to insecticide control was lower than other plots (Fig.
1). After the experiment, this trend was maintained (F = 323.90; d.f. =
2, 14; P < 0.0001) with the smallest number of mined leaves in the insecticide-plot
although there was a small increase in another two plots (Fig. 1). During
the experiment the mean number of mined leaves sampled weekly did not differ
during the sampling period in all plots. For this reason, the data of mined
leaves sampled weekly are presented together (Fig. 1). The number of mined
leaves collected in plants localized in the edge and at the middle of the
pheromone-treated area did not differ (F = 0.057; d.f. = 1, 7; P = 0.8180).
Similar results were found for the other two plots.
Figure 1. Number of mined leaves (mean ± SE) by Leucoptera
coffeella one week before the pheromone liberation and during seven
weeks after (values grouped) (n = 37). Insecticide - conventional insecticide
control; Control - untreated area; Pheromone - saturated atmosphere with
20 g/ha of synthetic sex pheromone (5,9-dimethylpentadecane).
However, it was found a significant difference on the number of males
caught among treatments. The insecticide-plot presented the lowest values
whereas the number of males in the pheromone-treated plot was higher compared
to the other plots (F = 116.03; d.f. = 2, 57; P < 0.0001) (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Mean number of Leucoptera coffeella males caught (log + 1) in monitoring traps during
7 weeks of experiment (n = 20). = Treated area with mating disruption,
; = Control area, ; = Insecticide area.
(F = 116.03; gl = 2, 57; P < 0.0001).
Discussion
The three areas presented the same number of males caught in traps before
the pheromone application at the mating disruption area. This result indicates
that the population levels inside the plots were similar at the beginning
of the experiment. However, the number of mined leaves was different among
treatments. The plot treated with insecticide presented lower number of
mined leaves since the beginning of the experiment.
The presence of higher number of males caught in traps during the experiment
in the mating disruption area, in contrast to the two other plots, suggests
that there was not disruption of communication between the sexual partners.
The fact that high number of males was caught in the mating disruption
area may indicate that the pheromone formulation had lower concentration
than necessary for mate disruption. In this case, the low concentration
could act as an attractive, similar to those formulations used
for monitoring and mass trapping.
Similar results were observed in a mating disruption study done for
Cydia
pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), important pest in apple (Witzgall
et
al. 1997). In this study, these authors verified that, after the
application of 400 and 1,000 dispensers/ha with 250 mg of the main sex
pheromone component (E8,E10-12OH; codlemone) in plots with 2 to 15 ha,
males of C. pomonella were attracted upwind to codlemone treatments from
nearby untreated orchards, over at least 50 m. High number of males of
Lymantria
dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), in oak areas treated with sex pheromone
in comparison to control plots was also verified (Schwalbe
& Mastro 1988).
The efficacy of mating disruption,
however, is not a guarantee of reduction of plant damage. For T. absoluta,
the releasing of 30-50 g/ha of its sex pheromone 3E,8Z,11Z-14:Ac in a tomato
crop was efficient to interrupt male orientation (60-90%) but the
number of mined leaflets or bored fruits was similar to control plots (Michereff
Filho et al. 2000).
In the present study, the similarity in the number of mined leaves between
the pheromone and control plots demonstrates that application of synthetic
sex pheromone did not reduce the attack of this insect on the crop (Fig.
1). There was a lower number of mined leaves both before and after the
pheromone application only in the plot treated with conventional insecticides.
It is probably due to a residual effect of the insecticides applied some
days before the week of experimental monitoring.
Failure in mating disruption for other moth pests has also been attributed
to migration of mated females within the areas treated with sex pheromone
(Sanders 1989). In the present study, female
migration was tested through a scheme of sampling from the edge to the
middle of the plot. This scheme allows verifying the female entrance in
the treated area. The fact that attack intensity was similar throughout
the plot treated with sex pheromone suggests that the increase in the number
of mined leaves was not due to mated female immigration of untreated adjacent
areas. Instead, a similar number of mined leaves in all area treated with
pheromone, suggests a homogenous distribution of the insect. Moreover,
the size of the plot treated with pheromone in the present work was large
(20 ha), and the treatment of larger areas could prevent female immigration
(Albajes et al. 2002).
The efficacy of mating disruption is related with the initial population
level of the pest as the optimal moment of pheromone application (Cardé
& Minks 1995a, Michereff Filho
et
al. 2000). Most studies with mating disruption pointed out that
the pheromone should be applied strategically on the first generation of
the target-specie, which are normally more susceptible to the control.
High population densities may favor mating through increase in competition
among calling females and synthetic pheromone dispensers, by reducing the
distance among adults, increasing the likelihood of casual mating and consequently,
less time spent searching for females (Molinari
& Cravedi 1990). Application of mating disruption for L. dispar
did not reduce mating under high-density
conditions. On the other hand, the experiments that were done under low
moth density conditions proved that this technique can reduce substantially
this pest population (Leonhardt et al.
1996).
These factors must be considerate in this study. Owing to operational problems,
the pheromone application was done late, when L. coffeella adults
were established in the crop with high number of both moths and caterpillars
on the foliage. The appearance of the first L. coffeella adults
in coffee plantations would be the best moment to apply the sex pheromone.
Climate is another important factor that interferes on the density
of pest attack at the crops. The biggest coffee leaf miner infestations
can be observed under dry weather conditions (Reis
& Souza 1996). It means that a prolonged dry period increases this
pest damage level and consequently increase leaves fall, which can be a
physiologic strategy of the plant for water economy. As pheromone dispensers
were applied in the field at the late dry season, the insect population
would be high due to low humidity. In addition, high temperatures make
the life cycle of coffee leaf miner short (Reis
& Souza 1996), consequently increasing the number of generations.
These climatic conditions can also affect the pheromone release rate and
its dispersion in the environment, leading to areas with low pheromone
concentration and heterogeneous distribution through the crop, thus favoring
mating (Flint et al. 1993).
In this study, the use of mating disruption method for control of L.
coffeella did not reduce the number of males caught in monitoring traps
nor decreased the number of mined leaves in comparison with the control
plot or insecticide plot. In this context the failure of this technique
may be attributed to a combination of several factors, such as differences
on composition or dose of the pheromone used in the dispensers and its
formulation; the moment of application in the crop, the population density,
the mating strategy of the pest, and climatic factors.
In spite of the main compound of the coffee leaf miner sex pheromone,
5,9-dimethylpentadecane, has been efficient for insect monitoring, its
application as mating disruptive was not confirmed. Further studies considering
the factors cited above are needed to confirm the efficacy of this method.
Acknowledgments
We thank DATERRA farm for providing access to their fields for the experiments.
We also thank to Miryan Coracini, Og de Souza, Ronaldo Reis, José
Maurício Bento and José H. Schoereder for their valuable
suggestions. This research was supported by the Coordenação
de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Brazil), PNP&D-Café -
Programa Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento do Café -
and Bio Controle - Métodos de Controle de Pragas LTDA.
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= Treated area with mating disruption,
;
= Control area, ;
= Insecticide area.
(F = 116.03; gl = 2, 57; P < 0.0001).